Antisemitism
JEW ST 462 /HSTCMP 490
Spring 2024
T/Th 12:30-2:20
CDH 115
Professor Devin Naar
Email: denaar@uw.edu
Office hours: W 11 am-12 pm (THO 322); and by appointment
“If the Jew did not exist, the anti-Semite would invent him.”
~ Jean-Paul Sartre, Réflexions sur la question juive (translated as Anti-Semite and Jew) (1945)
“Antisemitism is the rumor about the Jews.”
~ Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections from a Damaged Life (1951)
Course Description
This course was created about twenty years ago and has not been taught in at least twelve years. The original description reads as follows:
What is antisemitism? Merriam-Webster defines it as: “hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group.” The term may invoke images of Hitler and of the Holocaust, which transpired eighty years ago. Is antisemitism (or anti-Semitism) a thing of the past? Some, in contrast, claim that antisemitism is the world’s oldest hatred. Approaching the question historically, the claim poses a problem because the term “antisemitism” was coined only in the late nineteenth century. Does that mean that there was no hatred of Jews before the term antisemitism was invented? No, but is does mean that the forms that that kind of hostility has taken and the frameworks, contexts, and ideologies that have shaped it, have changed over time—so much so that scholars disagree over the utility of the term itself; some prefer Judeophobia or make sharp distinctions between premodern anti-Judaism and modern antisemitism. Other scholars suggest that a focus on anti-Judaism helps us understand more than hostility towards Jews but rather reveals how Western society has fundamentally defined itself in relationship—indeed in opposition—to Judaism over the generations as a kind of primordial “other.”
These are some of the questions and themes we will tackle in this course on antisemitism as we explore and discuss anti-Jewish attitudes, actions, policies, violence across history. We will delineate several salient anti-Jewish tropes or accusations made against Jews as they emerged historically: Christ killer, blood libel, money lender, dual loyalty, racial inferior, conspiracy to take over the world, among others. As the course is not only rooted in the past, there is a present-day dimension as antisemitism and its meaning is hotly contested today, including in the U. S. The White House issued its first plan to combat antisemitism – not in the 1930s – but rather in 2023; presidents of elite universities have lost their jobs following congressional hearings related to antisemitism; and even the UW has just established a new antisemitism task force, along with an islamophobia one.
Furthermore, this course does not evaluate antisemitism in isolation but rather analyzes it in relationship to other forms of prejudice, including islamophobia, white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-black racism, and sexism. We will see how antisemitism is linked to, and diverges from, these other systems of oppression. We will also address the most contested contemporary aspects of the debate in considering sources of antisemitism, both from the political right and left; the fraught and contested relationships between antisemitism and anti-Zionism; and various efforts to codify definitions of antisemitism.
Given the sometimes contested nature of some of the material to be discussed in course and in the readings, it is the expectation of this class that all participants engage in conversation with curiosity and respect.
Course Goals and Objectives:
Content
- To understand the development and changes of anti-Jewish attitudes and behaviors across time and geography
- To identify key historical anti-Jewish tropes
- To understand the terms of the contemporary debates over the meaning of antisemitism and the political positions and ideologies of those espousing them
Craft
- To understand how historiographical debates about the meaning and nature of antisemitism have changed and shifted
- To develop skills of close reading and analysis of primary source materials
- To craft well-researched and clearly written assignments
Consciousness
- To consider the impact of the history and contemporary debates about antisemitism on you as an individual, as a member of the UW community, as a resident of Washington state and of the United States, and as a citizen of the world
- To develop your own understandings, utility, and pit falls of various definitions of antisemitism and how they relate to other forms of oppression
- To be able to identify historical anti-Jewish tropes in contemporary political and social media spaces
Requirements and Grades:
- Weekly posts and replies in online Discussion Board: 20 % PLEASE SIGN UP FOR SESSIONS HERE
A vital component of this class will be our discussion board, a space where we can express our ideas and engage with each other. It is also the place where the instructor can gauge your understanding and investment in our subject, and to follow the dialogue that develops among the members of the class.
You will be responsible for crafting THREE response posts throughout the course. Please complete the week’s readings prior to crafting your responses. Each post should be 150-300 words. You must post your response by 5 pm PDT the evening before a particular set of texts will be discussed in class.
In addition to the five posts responses, you will also be responsible for at least THREE brief replies of 50-100 words to your classmates’ responses. You may choose to reply to any, and as many, of your classmates’ posts, but at minimum five. Please feel free to develop threads and conversations.
The goals here are to ensure that you are staying engaged with the course material throughout the duration.
In crafting your postings, please be thoughtful and please make a point. Your point should demonstrate that you’ve done the readings, but please do not spend much time reiterating the material. Assume everyone has else has also done the readings and is following the lectures, etc. Instead, reflect critically and thoughtfully on material and make an informed point; consider concluding with a question to generate additional responses from your classmates. See some netiquette tips here.
- Participation and final presentation: 20 %
Each class session becomes an opportunity to participate in discussion about course materials and to earn participation credit.
- Final Projects (60%): Details TBA
Late Assignments: Extensions will be granted on a case by case basis. If you need an extension please inform the instructor prior to the deadline. Late papers will be penalized.
Course Materials:
All course materials will be accessible in digital format:
Class Schedule
The course syllabus is a living document; readings may be altered
- 3/26: Welcome and Introduction
- 3/28: Key Terms and Frameworks: Anti-Judaism, Judeophobia, Anti[-]Semitism
- David Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition, intro: “Thinking about Judaism, or the Judaism of Thought,” 2013, 1-12. availabale via archive.org here.
- Jonathan Judaken, American Historical Review Roundtable: Re-Thinking Anti-Semitism, “Introduction,” American Historical Review 2018, 1122-1138.
- David Feldman, “Toward a History of the Term ‘Anti-Semitism,’” American Historical Review, 2018, 1139-1150.
- 4/2: No Class – Watch film of your choice on your own - come prepared to discuss
Incendiary Nazi propaganda films:
- Jud Suss (1940) can be viewed: https://archive.org/details/JudSuess_487
- The Eternal Jew (1940) can be viewed: https://archive.org/details/DerEwigeJude
Early Hollywood films dealing with antisemitism
- Gentleman’s Agreement (1947 Academy award): can be viewed onn amazon prime or youtube for $3.99
- The Pawnbroker (1955 Academy award for best actor): can be viewed onn amazon prime or youtube for $3.99
- 4/4: Interlocking and Diverging Systems of Oppression
- Ella Shohat, "Rethinking Jews and Muslims: Quincentennial Reflections(Links to an external site.)"
- James Pasto, "Islam's 'Strange Secret Sharer': Orientalism, Judaism and the Jewish Question," Comparative Studies in Society and History 40 (1998): 437-474.
- Claudia Bruns, “Toward a Transnational History of Racism,” Chapter 6 of Racism in the Modern World
- 4/9: Antiquity
- Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism, ch 2.: “Early Christianity.”
Alternative or additional scholarly readings:
- Adele Reinhartz, “New Testament Origins of Christian Anti-Judaism”, The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism, 42–56
- Magda Teter, "The Catholic Church," Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism, Sol Goldberg, Scott Ury, and Keith Ian Weiser, Palgrave Critical Studies of Antisemitism and Racism (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021), 65-78.
primary sources:
- John 18-19 re Judas the traitor (here is one translation; if you prefer a different translation, please read it)
- Augustine, Treatise Against the Jews aka In Answer to the Jews, 391-414.
- “Nostra Aetate”, OCTOBER 28, 1965, https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html
- 4/11: Middle Ages
- Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism, ch 5: “‘The Revenge of the Savior: Jews and Power in Medieval Europe,” 183-216.
Alternative or additional scholarly readings:
- Emily Rose, "Crusades, Blood Libels, and Popular Violence," in The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism, 194-212.
primary sources:
- Jacob Rader Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World (together in one pdf):
- The Crusaders in Mayence, 1096, p. 115-120
- The Accusation of Ritual Murder of St. William of Norwich, 1144, p. 121-126
- The Ritual Murder Accusation at Blois, 1171, 127-130.
- Jacob Rader Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World:
- The Black Death and the Jews, 1348-1349, 43-47.
- 4/16: Inquisition and Reformation
- Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism, ch 6: “The Extinction of Spain’s Jews and the Birth of its Inquisition,” 217-245.
- Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism, ch 7: “Reformation and its Consequences,” 246-268.
Alternative or additional scholarly readings:
- Debra Kaplan, "Martin Luther and the Reformation," in The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism, 273-290.
primary sources:
- 4/18: Shakespeare and the Renaissance [THIS SESSION WILL BEGIN AT 1:30 IN THOMSON 403; everyone is invited to the Jewish studies workshop beforehand, at 12:30, in Thomson 317]
- Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism, ch 8: “‘Which is the merchant here, and which is the Jew?’: Acting Jewish in Shakespeare’s England,” 269-299
- Susannah Heschel, "The Merchant of Venice and the Theological Construction of Christian Europe," in Lauren B. Strauss and Michael Brenner, eds., Mediating Modernity: Challenges and Trends in the Jewish Encounter with the Modern World (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2008), 74‐92.
primary sources:
- Shakespeare, Shylock (excerpt)
- 4/23: No Class: Passover
- 4/25: The Jewish Question and Racial Antisemitism
Albert S. Lindemann, The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs – Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank 1894-1915 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 79-128. This chapter, on the Dreyfus affair, can be read via archive.org here. You can access this for free.
Emile Zola,“J’Accuse: Letter to the President of the Republic,”
- Selections from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, English translation
- Bronner, Stephen Eric, A Rumor about the Jews: Reflections on Antisemitism and the Protocols of the learned elders of Zion (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000). Chapter 4: "The Tale of a Forgery: Inventing the Protocols," 71–82. (The full book can be accessed online via UW library)
- 4/30: Nazism and the Holocaust
- Saul Friendlander, "Redemptive Anti-Semitism," chapter 3 of Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1945, pp. 73-112.
- Alex Ross, "How American Racism Influenced Hitler," The New Yorker, April 21, 2018.
primary sources:
- Hitler, Mein Kampf, excerpt
- Nuremberg Laws--peruse selections here, pp. 723-733.
- These are two accounts by the same author - a Greek Orthodox Christian in Salonica (Thessaloniki), Greece - recalling the fate of the Jews in his city during the Nazi occupation. How does each account depict relations between Jews and their Christian neighbors? When the author's Jewish neighbors are removed from the area, both accounts indicate that the homes owned by Jews were pillaged, but each account suggests a different group was responsible. Which is true? Did those neighbors pillage the Jews' homes due to antisemitism or other causes?
-
- George Ioannou, “The Bed,” The Literary Review 16, no. 3 (Spring 1973): 303-308
- George [Yorgos] Ioannou, “And it came to pass...” in Refugee Capital (Athens: Kedros, 1997), 85-102
-
12. 5/2: Echoes of the Enlightenment: GUEST SPEAKER
Dr. Gilah Kletenik, Affiliate Faculty, Stroum Center for Jewish Studies
- Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism, 338-343 (on Spinoza) (see on archive.org here)
Primary sources on Spinoza and the reception of his work:
- Moses Mendelssohn, To the Friends of Lessing, pp. 147-159; 175-176 (especially 147-150; 175-176)
- Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, "Jacobi to Fichte," pp. 501-503 (especially 503)
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lecture on the History of Philosophy, Medieval to Modern Philosophy, pp. 252-261; 288-289 (especially 252; 256-258; 288)
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History pp. 95-100; 177-179.
13. 5/7: The Muslim World
- Daniel J. Schroeter, “Islamic Anti-Semitism” in Historical Discourse, American Historical Review 123, Issue 4, October 2018, 1172–1189.
- Ethan B. Katz, “An Imperial Entanglement: Anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, and Colonialism,” American Historical Review 123, Issue 4, October 2018, 1190–1209.
- Matti Bunzl, “Between anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Some thoughts on the new Europe,” American Ethnologist 32 (Nov. 2005) 4, 499–
- John Bowen, "Commentary on Bunzl," American Ethnologist 32 (Nov. 2005) 4, 524–
primary sources:
- A Blood Libel on the Island of Rhodes, Ottoman Empire, 1840
- Hammas Charter, 1988
14. 5/9: American Exceptionalism?
Jonathan Sarna, "Antisemitism in America, 1654-2020," in The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism, 392-411.
primary sources
- The Leo Frank Case—newspaper coverage here (peruse articles)
- Henry Ford, The International Jew (1920), ch. 8: "Does a Jewish World Problem Exist?", pp. 85-95.
- James Baldwin, “Negroes are Anti-Semitic Because They’re Anti-White,” The New York Times (9 April 1967)
- Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb, 481 U.S. 615 (1987)
- Optional: You can listen to a recording of the oral arguments (about 1 hr) or read the full transcript here
15. 5/14: “New Antisemitism” and the Question of Anti-Zionism
- James Loeffler, “Anti-Zionism,” in Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism, ed. Sol Goldberg, Scott Ury, and Keith Ian Weiser, Palgrave Critical Studies of Antisemitism and Racism (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021), 39–52.
- Natan Sharansky, “3D Test of Anti-Semitism: Demonization, Double Standards, Delegitimization,” Jewish Political Studies Review 16, 3-4 (Fall 2004): https://jcpa.org/article/3d-test-of-anti-semitism-demonization-double-standards-delegitimization/
- Kenneth L Marcus, “Jurisprudence of the New Anti-Semitism,” Wake Forest Law Review, Vol 44, p. 101 et seq, 2009: http://www.brandeiscenter.com/images/uploads/articleuploads/jur isprudence.pdf
- Shane Burley, “Interrogating the ‘New Antisemitism,’” Jewish Currents, https://jewishcurrents.org/interrogating-the-new-antisemitism
- Dirk Moses, “The German Catechism,” https://geschichtedergegenwart.ch/the-german-catechism/
16. 5/16: Competing Definitions Today
GUEST SPEAKER: Maxima (Max) Patashnik, Director of the Greater Seattle Jewish Federation's Jewish Community Relations Council and Public Affairs (see the final two links connected to this session for insights into her work; also of relevance are readings from session on Debates in Seattle and King County).
- International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism (2016), https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definitions-charters/working-definition-antisemitism
- Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism (2020), https://jerusalemdeclaration.org/
- Nexus Definition of Antisemitism (2021), https://israelandantisemitism.com/the-nexus-document/
- “Statement of Israel/Palestine by Scholars of Jewish Studies and Israel Studies,” May 21, 2021, https://israelpalestinejs.weebly.com/
- Natan Sharansky and Gil Troy, “The Un-Jews: The Jewish attempt to cancel Israel and Jewish peoplehood,” Tablet Magazine, June 15, 2021: https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/the-un-jews-natan-sharansky
- “The U. S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism,” May 2023: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/U.S.-National-Strategy-to-Counter-Antisemitism.pdf
- Eyal Press, “The Problem with Defining Antisemitism,” The New Yorker, March 13, 2024: https://www.newyorker.com/news/persons-of-interest/the-problem-with-defining-antisemitism
- Caitlyn Freeman, “Seattle Jewish leaders launch campaign against antisemitism,” The Seattle Times, March 25, 2024: https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-jewish-leaders-launch-campaign-against-antisemitism/
- “Call it Antisemitism” Campaign in Greater Seattle area: https://www.callitantisemitism.com/
17. 5/21: National Debates Today
- Eric K. Ward, “Skin in the Game: How Antisemitism animates white nationalism,” Political Research Associates, June 29, 2017: https://politicalresearch.org/2017/06/29/skin-in-the-game-how-antisemitism-animates-white-nationalism
- Julie Turkewitz and Kevin Roose, “Who is Robert Bowers, the Suspect in the Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting?” New York Times, Oct. 27, 2018: com/2018/10/27/us/robert-bowers-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooter.html
- Mira Fox, “Who is John Hagee, the Christian Zionist pastor who spoke at the March for Israel,” The Forward, November 14, 2023: https://forward.com/culture/569725/john-hagee-march-for-israel/
- Elise Stefanik (R-NY) Questions University Presidents on Antisemitism, C-Span, December 8, 2023: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VtAZBvmzcQ
- College Presidents Cold Open, SNL, December 10, 2023: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ep-OnsDieFQ
- Ron Kampeas, “‘Is that really her?’ Liberal Jews says Elise Stefanik, hailed as hero of the House antisemitism hearings, has baggage of her own,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 11, 2023: https://www.jta.org/2023/12/11/politics/is-that-really-her-liberal-jews-say-elise-stefanik-hailed-as-a-hero-of-the-house-antisemitism-hearings-has-baggage-of-her-own
- Masha Gessen, “In the Shadow of the Holocaust: How the politics of memory in Europe obscures what we see in Israel and Gaza today,” The New Yorker, December 9, 2023
- “Masha Gessen Kicks the Hornet’s Nest on Israel and the Holocaust,” Politico, December 16, 2023: https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/12/16/masha-gessen-israel-holocaust-00132132
- Franklin Foer, “The Golden Age of American Jews is Ending,” The Atlantic, March 4, 2024
- Emma Saltzberg, “The Suppressed lineage of American Jewish dissent on Zionism,” Jewish Currents, March 13, 2024 https://jewishcurrents.org/the-suppressed-lineage-of-american-jewish-dissent-on-zionism
- 5/23: Debates in King County and Seattle
GUEST SPEAKER: Diana Dvora Falchuk, team member of Diaspora Alliance
- Puget Sound Jewish Community Statement on Antisemitism, Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle, September 24, 2019: https://www.jewishinseattle.org/statement-on-antisemitism/
- Liora R. Halperin, “King County should not adopt antisemitism definition used to censor speech,” Seattle Times, January 23, 2023: https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/king-county-should-not-adopt-antisemitism-definition-used-to-censor-speech/
- Randy Kessler, “King County should adopt antisemitism definition,” Seattle Times, January 26, 2023: https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/king-county-should-adopt-antisemitism-definition/
- “Call on King County to reject the IHRA definition and take action to combat antisemitism,” Action Network: https://actionnetwork.org/letters/call-on-king-county-council-to-remove-the-ihra-definition-and-take-action-to-combat-antisemitism
- King County Proclamation on Antisemitism, January 31, 2023 https://kingcounty.gov/~/media/council/documents/2023/Chairs-Proclamation_Antisemitism_01-26-23.pdf [the link in this document to the Puget Sound Jewish Community Statement on Antisemitism no longer works; refer to the first link in this session above]
- Seattle Times editorial, “Before weighing in on war, local officials must hear all voices,” Seattle Times, November 27, 2023 https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/editorials/before-weighing-in-on-war-local-officials-must-hear-all-voices/
- 5/28: Contested Cases
--We will discuss as a class which contested cases and accusations of antisemitism in recent years we will read about and discuss
- 5/30: Final presentations